contoh soal reading

Sharp, highly detailed pictures are what you’re after with coin photography. I’ll take pictures over and over until I get the sharpness I want. I want my pictures to show every little detail on the coin. Several factors work together to make images sharp or fuzzy. Focus is important to obtaining sharp pictures. You want the plane of focus right at the coin. This is why I like to make sure the coin is square to the camera. Any tilt of the coin or camera will put areas of the coin farther away from the focus plane and those areas will be less sharp.

Most cameras take the sharpest pictures with the aperture somewhere in the middle settings. Pictures tend to be a bit less sharp at the extremes of aperture settings, high and low. This is a relatively subtle effect and probably applies more to SLR’s than the hand held cameras because the SLR’s tend to have a larger range of aperture settings. The aperture can be used to increase the depth of focus by turning it to higher numbers. This won’t solve all focus problems but can help tremendously if you need to shoot at an angle. The drawback of a high aperture is longer shutter speeds.

Shutter speed is very important to getting sharp pictures. A fast shutter will help negate motion and vibration in the camera during shooting. In general, if you can get the shutter speed faster than 1/100 sec, the sharpness will improve. Faster shutter speed can be achieved by getting more light onto the coin. Turning the aperture to a lower number will let more light into the camera and will improve shutter speed. But, as we discussed earlier, turning the aperture to a lower number will narrow the depth of focus. This makes focus and shooting from straight-on all the more important. Motion can be reduced by using a copy stand or a tripod. Shooting coins handheld will invariably produce fuzzier images. The heavier the camera, the sturdier the copy stand needs to be to stabilize it.

QUESTION :

1.      What is the topic of the passage ?

a.       Shutter speed

b.      Aperture settings

c.       Determine of sharpness

d.      Sharpness pictures

2.      Which of the following would be the best title ?

a.       Getting sharp pictures

b.      Determinants of sharpness

c.       Shutter speed

d.      Factors to make images

3.      The main idea of the paragraph 3 is ...

a.       Shutter speed is very important

b.      Shooting coins handheld will invariably produce fuzzier images

c.       Shutter speed can support to photography

d.      Shutter speed is very important to getting sharp pictures

4.      Which of the following is statement TRUE ?

a.       Turning the aperture to a lower number won’t narrow the depth of focus

b.      The superiority of a high aperture is longer shutter speeds

c.       The shutter speed faster than 1/100 sec so the sharpeness will improve

d.      Shutter speed is not important to getting sharp pictures

5.      The second paragraph talk about...

a.       Aperture settings

b.      The drawback aperture

c.       Use aperture

d.      The superiority aperture

Lighting for coin photography is all about contrast management. The following is a theory that I came up with a while back. It makes sense to me at least. I think that the eye and the brain like a certain amount of contrast within any image. If the contrast is too high or too low, the image won’t look right. It will appear either harshly lit or washed out. Therefore I try to get my images to have that happy amount of contrast that my eyes like. I stole the following concepts from the physics that I learned during my radiology residency. There are two determinants of image contrast: lighting contrast and subject contrast. Subject contrast is how much contrast is on the surface of the coin you are shooting. How much relief? How much luster? How glossy is the coin? How dark is the coin? I tend to break things down into three categories: Low, medium and high contrast coins.

Lighting contrast needs to be tailored to the coin being shot. Lighting contrast is controlled by various factors, the number of lights being the most important. As discussed above, the contrast of the lighting is inversely proportional to the number of lights. More lights = less contrast and vice versa. The angle of the lights also has a say in the resulting contrast. The higher the angle of the lighting, the less contrast it has (but better lit in general). The positives of high-angle lighting far outweigh the negatives, so I use it almost exclusively. I only use lower angle lighting to increase the contrast in the case of circulated coins and some extremely glossy coins to reduce glare.

Contrast can also be controlled by using diffusion on the lights. Diffusing the lights lowers the contrast. Diffusion can be achieved by placing a piece of paper or similar translucent material between the light and the coin. Commercially available “light domes” and “light tents” are sometimes useful for shooting coins. The main application of these in my view is shooting modern proofs. We have already decided that the eyes and brain like a medium amount of contrast in a picture. So therefore, a low contrast coin needs high contrast lighting to bring out what little contrast is present on that coin. A high contrast coin needs lower contrast lighting so it doesn’t look so harsh. Medium contrast coins like medium contrast lighting. I’ll give specific examples to follow.

QUESTION

1.      Which of the following would be the title ?

a.       Lighting Photography

b.      Contrast Control

c.       Contrast Management

d.      Determinants of Image Contrast

2.      The second paragraph talks about...

a.       The superiority diffusion on lights

b.      Contras control by using diffusion on lights

c.       Use diffusion on lights

d.      The drawback diffusion on lights

3.      What is the subject of the passage ?

a.       Decision-contrast picture

b.      Contrast control in a picture

c.       Lighting contrast

d.      Contrast setting in a picture

4.      The main idea of the first paragraph is...

a.       Three categories contrast are low, medium, and high contrast coin

b.      Therefore I try to get image

c.       Lighting for coin photography is all about contrast management

d.      There are two determinants of image contrast, lighting and subject contrast

5.      Which of the following is statement NOT TRUE?

a.       If the contrast is too high, the image won’t look right

b.      Subject contrast is how much contrast is on the surface

c.       If the contrast is too low, the image will look right

d.      The positives of high-angle lighting far out

STRUCTURE

1. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang)

a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana)

Rumus:

1. Rumus : Subject + To Be (am / are / is) + …
2. Subject + Verb + …

Contoh kalimat :

(+) She is a new people here.

(+) He plays football every morning

(-) She isn’t a new people here.

(-) He not playing football every morning.

(?) Is she a new people here?

(?) How playing football every morning?

b. Present Continuous  Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang)

Menerangkan suatu perbuatan yabg sedang berlangsungpada waktu sekarang.

Rumus:

Subject + To Be (am / is / are) +Verb I + ING …

Contoh dalam kalimat :

(+) They are studying English now.

(+) He is playing badminton now

(-) They aren’t studying English now.

(-) He isn’t playing badminton now.

(?) Is he playing badminton now.

(?) Is she going to market now?

c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang)

Rumus :

Subject + Have / Has +Verb II (Ing) + …

Contoh :

(+) I have gone.

(+) They have done

(-) I haven’t gone.

(-)They haven’t done.

(?) Have I gone ?

(?) Have they done ?

d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang)

Rumus :

Subject + Have / Has +Verb II (Ing) + …

Contoh :

(+) She has been going to Malang since evening.

(+) We have been riding a horse for three days

(-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening.

(-) We haven’t been riding a horse for three days.

(?) Has she been going to Malang ?

(?) Have He been riding a horse for three days ?

2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau)

a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana)

Rumus :

1. Subject + To Be (was / were) + …
2. Subject + Verb II + …

Contoh :

(+) I saw a good film last night

(+) He came here last month

(-) I saw not a good film last night

(-) He came not  last month

(?) Saw I a good film last night

(?) Came He here last month

b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau)

Rumus :

Subject + To Be (was / were) + Verb I (Ing) + …

Contoh :

(+) He was watching television all afternoon last week

(+) They were talking about sport when I met him

(-)   He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week

(-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him

(?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week

(?) Were they talking about sport when I met him

c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau)

Rumus :

1. Subject + Had + Been + …
2. Subject + Had + Verb III + …

Contoh :

(+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle

(+) The ship had left before I arrived

(-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle

(-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived

(?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ?

(?) Had the ship left before I arrived?

d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau)

Rumus :

Subject + Had + Been + Verb I (Ing) + …

Contoh :

(+) They had been living there for two month

(+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton

(-) They hadn’t been living there for two month

(-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton

(?) Had they been living there for two month?

(?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ?

3. Future Tense (Akan Datang)

a. Simple Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Sederhana)

Rumus :

1. Subject Shall / Will + Be + …
2. Subject + Shall / Will + Verb + …

Contoh :

(+) I will visit to yogyakarta tomorrow.

(+) he will met girl friend by seven o’clock

(?) Will he go to America next month?

(+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow.

(-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow.

(?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow?

b. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Akan Datang)

Rumus :

Subject + Shall / Will + Be + Verb (Ing) + …

Contoh :

(+) I will be writing a comic.

(+) I will be studying tomorrow night.

(-) I will not writing a comic.

(-) I will not be studying tomorrow night.

(?)  Will I be writing a comic ?

(?) Will I be studying tomorrow night ?

c. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Akan Datang)

Rumus:

1. Subject + Shall / Will + Have + Been + …
2. Subject + Shall / Will + Have + Verb II + …
3. Contoh :

(+) Bily will have done his work by the end of this week.

(+) By next week I shall have read this book.

(-) Bily will haven’t done his work by the end of this week.

(-) By next week I shall haven’t read this book.

(?) Will Billy have done his work by the end of this week ?

(?) Shall I have read this book by next week ?

d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Akan Datang)

Rumus :

Subject + Shall / Will + Have + Been + Verb (Ing) + …

Contoh :

(+) I will have been reading a news paper.

(+) He will have been listening music.

(-) I will haven’t  been reading a news paper.

(-) He will haven’t listening a music.

(?) Will I have been riding a news paper ?

(?) Will He have listening a music ?

4. Past Future Tense (Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

a. Past Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

Rumus

A. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Been + …

B. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Verb III + …

Contoh :

(+) He would come if you invited him.

(+) They would buy a home the previous day.

(-) He wouldn’t come if invited him.

(-) They wouldn’t buy a home the previous day.

(?)  Would He come if invited him ?

(?) Would they buy a home the previous day ?

b. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Akan Sedang Terjadi Diwaktu Lampau)

Rumus :

Subject + Shoul / Would + Be : Verb (Ing) + …

Contoh :

(+) I should be swimming at this time the following day.

(+) I shall be sliping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(-) I shouldn’t  be swimming at this time the following day.

(-) I shalln’t be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(?) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ?

(?) Shall I be sleeping at10 o’clock tomorrow ?

c. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Akan Sudah Selesai Di Waktu Lampau)

Rumus :

A. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Been + …

B. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Verb III + …

Contoh :

(+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard.

(+) Nonok will have studied moth by the end of this week.

(-) He wouldn’t have gone if he had met his darling

(-) Nonok will have not studied month by the end of this week

(?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ?

(?) Will Nonok have studied month by the end of this week ?

d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

(Waktu Yang Sudah Sedang Berlangsung Pada Waktu Lampau)

Rumus :

Subject + Should / Would + Have + Been + Verb (Ing) + …

Contoh :

Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years

(+) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years

(+) Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years

(-) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year

(-) Rianawati wouldn’t have been speaking English for two years

(?) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years?

(?) Would Rianawati have been speaking English for two years?

A.      Present Tense

1. Present Simple Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

B. Past tense

1. Past Simple Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

C. Future Tense

1. Future Simple Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

D. Future Past

1. Future Past Tense
2. Future Past Continuouse Tense
3. Future Past Perfect Tense
4. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense

A. Simple Present Tenses
Walaupun Present artinya sekarang tetapi hal ini jangan ditapsirkan bahwa tindakan tersebut dilakukan pada saat ini. Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian diwaktu lamapu, sekarang dan akan datang, Tenses ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu.

Kalimat-kalimat bahasa inggris umumnya harus mempunyai subject(s) dan predicate(p). karena itu semua Tenses akan dipormulasi seperti itu.
Rumus:
+) Subject + to be + verb I + Main verb
+) Subject + verbI +(s/es)
Contoh :
* he is handsome
(dia tampan)
* is he handsome?
(apakah dia tampan?)
* he is not handsome
(dia tidak tampan)
Simple Present Tense dipakai ketika:
• Kejadiannya bersifat umum, atau
• Terjadi sepanjang waktu, atau kebiasaan di masa lampau, sekarang dan masa yang akan datang, atau
• Kejadiannya tidak hanya terjadi sekarang, atau
• Bersifat kebenaran umum, yang orang lain tidak dapat menyangkal lagi akan kebenarannya.

B. Present Continuous Tense
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini. Kalimat-kalimat dalam Tenses ini lebih sering dipakai dari pada present Tenses.

Rumus:
subject + to be (is, am, are) + kata kerja + ing
Tense ini dipakai untuk menjelaskan tentang:
• Kejadian yang sedang terjadi sekarang, atau
• Kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan dating
Contoh :
+) She is cooking in the kitchen.
(dia sedang memasak di dapur)
-) She is not cooking in the kitchen
(dia tidak sedang memasak di dapur)
?) is she cooking in the kitchen?
(Apakah dia sedang memasak di dapur?)
C. Present Perfect Tense

Rumus:
subject + have + past participle (Kata Kerja Bentuk ke-3)
Tense ini digunakan untuk:
• Pengalaman
• Perubahan
• Situasi Yang berkelanjutan
Atau untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat (baru selesai)

Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini:
+) they have met me
(mereka sudah menemui saya)
?) have they met me?
(apakah mereka sudah menemui saya?
-) they have not met me
( mereka belum menemui saya)

D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + have / has + been + K.Kerja + ing
Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk menjelaskan:
• Satu kejadian/kegiatan yang baru saja berlangsung
• Satu perbuatan yang berlangsung hingga sekarang (pada saat bicara masih terjadi)

Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:
+) They have been playing football
(Mereka telah sedang bermain sepakbola)
-) They have not been playing football
(merka telah tidak sedang bermain sepakbola)
?) have they been playing football?
( Apakah merka telah sedang bermain sepakbola?)

E. Simple Past Tense
Rumus Kalimat Positif:
subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 2
Rumus Kalimat Negatif :
subject + did + not + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 1
Rumus Kalimat Tanya:
Did + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 1
Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).

Kapan kita memakai Simple Past Tense?
Kita memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:
+) They were student last year
(mereka pelajar tahun lalu)
-) they were not student last year
(mereka bukan pelajar tahun lalu)
?) were they student last year?
(apakah mereka pelajar tahun lalu?)

F. Past Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + was, were + Kata Kerja + ing
Kapan kita menggunakan Tense ini?
Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Contoh:
+)We were joking.
-) We were not joking
?) Were we joking?

G. Past Perfect Tense
Rumus:
had + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 3
Kapan kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense?
Tense ini mengekspresikan tindakan di masa lalu sebelum tindakan lain terjadi, namun kejadiannya di masa lampau.

Perhatikan:
+) I had listen the radio when you come here
(aku sudah mendengar radio sebelum kamu datang

H. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + had + been + Kata Kerja + ing
Kapan Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
Tense ini sama pemakaiannya dengan Past Perfect Tense, namun mengekspresikan tindakan-tindakan yang lebih lama di masa lampau sebelum tindakan lain terjadi.

Perhatikan:
She had been helping me when they went to scool
(dia telah sedang membantu saya ketika mereka telah pergi ke sekolah)

I. Simple Future Tense
Rumus:
subject + WILL/SHALL + Kata Kerja Bentuk I
Kapan kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense?
a. Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya atau Menyatakan perbuatan/kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang
contoh :
• Hold on. I‘ll get a pen.
b. Prediksi
Contoh:
• It will rain tomorrow.
KALIMAT NON-VERBAL
Ketika predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka gunakan be untuk menggantikan kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh:
• I‘ll be in London tomorrow.

Catatan:
Ketika kita mempunyai rencana atau keinginan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan di masa yang akan datang, maka gunakan be going to atau Present Continuous Tense untuk menggantikan will/shall.

J. Future Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + WILL + BE + Kata Kerja + ing
Kapan kita menggunakan Future Continuous Tense?
Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan yang akan terjadi di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
Contoh:
He will be teaching me at eight tomorrow
(dia akan sedang mengajar saya pada jam delapan besok)


K. Future Perfect Tense
Rumus:
subject + WILL + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3
Kapan Kita Menggunakan Future Perfect Tense?
Tense ini kita pakai untuk menggambarkan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang sebelum kegiatan lain terjadi.
Contoh:
They will be tired when they arrive.
.(mereka akan telah lelah ketika mereka datang)


L. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
Subject + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing
Kapan kita memakai Future Perfect Continuous Tense?
Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang suatu tindakan/kegiatan yang panjang sebelum beberapa saat di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:
• He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been traveling for 24 hours.


M. Past Future Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan terjadi diwaktu lampau
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + Kata Kerja Bentuk I
Contoh :
She would not be at school tomorrow.
(Dia tidak akan ke sekolah besok)

N. Past Future Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau.
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + BE + Kata Kerja + ing
Contoh:
We would be having dinner at home yesterday.
(kita akan sedang makan malam di rumah kemarin)


O. Past Future Perfect Tense
untuk menyatakan suatu prbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3
Contoh:
she would have be finished to studied if he had not been lazy
(dia akan sudah tamat belajar jika dia tidak malas)


P. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau
Rumus:
Subject + WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing
Contoh:
We would have been waiting long.
(kita akan sudah sedang menunggu lama)

KESIMPULAN
Rumus Umum Tense adalah sbb:
No Tenses Rumus
1 Present Simple Tense S + V1 + dll
2 Present Continuous Tense S + is, am, are + V-ing + dll
3 Present Perfect Tense S + have,has + V3 + dll
4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense S + have, has + been + V-ing + dll
5 Past Simple Tense S + V2 + dll
6 Past Continuous Tense S + was, were + V-ing + dll
7 Past Perfect Tense S + had + V3 + dll
8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense S + had + been + V-ing + dll
9 Future Simple Tense S + will + V1 + dll
10 Future Continuous Tense S + will + be + V-ing + dll
11 Future Perfect Tense S + will + have + V3 + dll
12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + will + have + been + V-ing + dll
13 Past Future Simple Tense S + would + V1 + dll
14 Past Future Continuous Tense S + would + be + V-ing + dll
15 Past Future Perfect Tense S + would + have + V3 + dll
16 Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + would + have + been + V-ing + dll